Description: Cyclic GMP (cGMP), which has been shown to be present at levels typically 10-100 fold lower than cAMP, is formed by the action of the enzyme guanylate cyclase on GTP. Some hormones, such as Acetylcholine, Insulin, and Oxytocin, as well as certain other chemicals like Serotonin and Histamine cause an increase in cGMP levels. Stimulators of guanylate cyclase such as the vasodilators nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, sodium nitrate, and nitric oxide (NO) also stimulate cGMP levels.

Catalog Number: 101106-544

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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Description: Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) is formed in a variety of cells from PGH2, which itself is synthesized from arachidonic acid by the enzyme prostaglandin synthetase. PGF2alpha is often viewed as an antagonist to PGE2 due to their opposing effects on various tissues. PGF2alpha is a potent bronchoconstrictor and has been implicated in asthma attacks. PGF2alpha is also involved in reproductive functions including corpus luteum regulation, uterine contractions, and sperm motility. This has led to its use in terminating pregnancies and inducing labor at term. High levels of PGF2alpha have also been associated with preeclampsia.

Catalog Number: 101106-234

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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Description: GC UNC45 (general cell UNC45/unc45a) is an Hsp90 co-chaperone that has been shown to play a critical role in the chaperoning of myosin proteins as well as the progesterone receptor (PR). There are two known vertebrate isoforms of UNC45 that are functional orthologs of the C. elegans unc-45, an important protein in the development of organized body wall muscles. The vertebrate general cell form (GC UNC45/unc45a) is ubiquitously expressed, while the striated muscle-specific isoform (SM UNC45/unc45b) is found in cardiac and skeletal muscle. In vitro, GC UNC45 preferentially binds the Hsp90 beta isoform, and is specifically required for proper cellular distribution of Hsp90β but not Hsp90α.

Catalog Number: 89106-614

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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Description: Anti-HSP47 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody [clone: M16.10A1]

Catalog Number: 95046-132

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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Description: HSFs (Heat Shock family of transcription factors), which consists of HSF 1-4, bind to highly conserved Heat shock elements (HSEs) in the promoter regions of heat shock genes, ultimately regulating the expression of Heat shock proteins (Hsps). On exposure to heat shock and other stresses, HSF1 localizes within seconds to discrete nuclear granules and on recovery from stress, HSF1 rapidly dissipates from the stress granules to a diffuse nucleoplasmic distribution.

Catalog Number: 95046-320

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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Description: HSFs (Heat Shock family of transcription factors), which consists of HSF 1-4, bind to highly conserved Heat shock elements (HSEs) in the promoter regions of heat shock genes, ultimately regulating the expression of Heat shock proteins (Hsps). On exposure to heat shock and other stresses, HSF1 localizes within seconds to discrete nuclear granules and on recovery from stress, HSF1 rapidly dissipates from the stress granules to a diffuse nucleoplasmic distribution.

Catalog Number: 101410-578

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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Description: Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is a unique serine/threonine kinase that is inactivated by phosphorylation. In response to insulin binding, PKB/AKT phosphorylates GSK-3β on serine 9, which prevents GSK-3β from phosphorylating glycogen synthase. Unphosphorylated glycogen synthase is active and able to synthesize glycogen. GSK-3β is also unique in that it requires a substrate that has been phosphorylated by a distinct kinase before it can phosphorylate the substrate. This phosphate priming mechanism explains why phosphorylation of serine 9 inactivates GSK-3β. The phosphorylated serine binds to the GSK-3β priming phosphate position and prevents binding of alternative substrates. In addition to insulin signaling, GSK-3β participates in the Wnt signaling pathway, where it forms a complex with axin, beta-catenin and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein. In the presence of Wnts, GSK-3β is unable to phosphorylate beta-catenin, which leads to stabilization of beta-catenin. The Wnt pathway inactivates GSK-3β via the proteins, Dishevelled and FRAT, which disrupt the interaction of GSK-3β with axin, beta-catenin, and APC. Clinically, there is considerable interest in GSK-3β inhibitors because they may mimic the effect of insulin or reduce the hyperphosphorylation of Tau that is observed in Alzheimer's Disease.

Catalog Number: 95045-934

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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Description: This ImmunoSet plate rack is a convenient set of 5 clear 96 well high-binding polystyrene plates and 5 plate sealers.

Catalog Number: 95052-800

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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Description: Protein Kinase C (PKC) is a large superfamily of serine/threonine kinases that mediate essential cellular signals required for activation, proliferation, differentiation and survival. There are at least ten PKC isotypes that are closely related in structure but that have distinct patterns of tissue distribution and function. The PKC isotypes can be subdivided into three classes based on primary structure and biochemical properties. These are: classical or conventional PKC isotypes (cPKC), novel PKC isotypes (nPKC) and atypical PKC isotypes (aPKC).

Catalog Number: 200062-116

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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Description: The Hsp70 family of heat shock proteins contains multiple homologs ranging in size from 66-78 kDa, and are the eukaryotic equivalents of the bacterial DnaK. The most studied Hsp70 members include the cytosolic stress-induced Hsp70 (Hsp72), the constitutive cytosolic Hsc70 (Hsp73), and the ER-localized BiP (Grp78). Hsp70 family members contain highly conserved N-terminal ATP-ase and C-terminal protein binding domains. Binding of peptide to Hsp70 is assisted by Hsp40, and stimulates the inherent ATPase activity of Hsp70, facilitating ATP hydrolysis and enhanced peptide binding. Hsp70 nucleotide exchange and substrate binding coordinates the folding of newly synthesized proteins, the re-folding of misfolded or denatured proteins, coordinates trafficking of proteins across cellular membranes, inhibits protein aggregation, and targets the degradation of proteins via the proteasomal pathway.

Catalog Number: 200062-682

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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Description: The Hsp70 family of heat shock protiens contains multiple homologs ranging in size from 66-78 kDa, and are the eukaryotic equivalents of the bacterial DnaK. The most studied Hsp70 members include the cytosolic stress-induced Hsp70 (Hsp72), the constitutive cytosolic Hsc70 (Hsp73), and the ER-localized BiP (Grp78). Hsp70 family members contain highly conserved N-terminal ATP-ase and C-terminal protein binding domains. Binding of peptide to Hsp70 is assisted by Hsp40, and stimulates the inherent ATPase activity of Hsp70, facilitating ATP hydrolysis and enhanced peptide binding. Hsp70 nucleotide exchange and substrate binding coordinates the folding of newly synthesized proteins, the re-folding of misfolded or denatured proteins, coordinates trafficking of proteins across cellular membranes, inhibits protein aggregation, and targets the degradation of proteins via the proteasomal pathway.

Catalog Number: 200062-732

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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Description: Synapsin I, II and III belong to a family of neuron-specific phosphoproteins which maintain a reserve pool of vesicles in the vicinity of the active zone by tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to an Actin-based cytoskeleton meshwork. They have been shown to regulate neurotransmitter release in mature synapses and to accelerate development of the nervous system.

Catalog Number: 200063-318

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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Description: Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) also known as Hsp32, is the inducible isoform of heme oxygenase that catalyzes the NADPH, oxygen, and cytochrome P450 reductase dependent oxidation of heme to carbon monoxide, ferrous iron and biliverdin which is rapidly reduced to bilirubin. These products of the HO reaction have important physiological effects: carbon monoxide is a potent vasodilator and has been implicated to be a physiological regulator of cGMP and vascular tone; biliverdin and its product bilirubin are potent antioxidants; "free" iron increases oxidative stress and regulates the expression of many mRNAs (e.g., DCT-1, ferritin and transferring receptor) by affecting the conformation of iron regulatory protein (IRP)-1 and its binding to iron regulatory elements (IREs) in the 5'- or 3'- UTRs of the mRNAs. To date, three identified heme oxygenase isoforms are part of the HO system that catalyze heme into biliverdin and carbon monoxide. These are inducible HO-1 or Hsp32, constitutive HO-2 that is abundant in the brain and testis, and HO-3 which is related to HO-2 but is the product of a different gene. The HO system is the rate-limiting step in heme degradation and HO activity decreases the levels of heme which is a well known potent catalyst of lipid peroxidation and oxygen radical formation.

Catalog Number: 95046-306

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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Description: DnaJ is a basic 41 kDa E. coli Heat shock protein which belongs to the molecular chaperone class of proteins. Bacterial DnaJ protein acts synergistically with the bacterial chaperone DnaK (Hsp70 homologue) and the other co-chaperone GrpE in suppressing eukaryotic and prokaryotic polypeptide aggregation, facilitating protein translocation through intracellular compartments or protein secretion, reactivating some partially aggregated enzymes, and activating pre-priming complex during initiation of DNA replication.

Catalog Number: 200062-554

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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Description: Membrin, also known as GS27 (Golgi SNARE of 27K), is an integral membrane protein present on the surface of the Golgi apparatus. GS27 is a member of a protein complex that consists of cis-Golgi vesicle receptor syntaxin 5 and GS28, v-SNARE rbet1 and Rsec22, and Rsly1. These complexes are postulated to direct the fusion of ER-derived vesicles with vesicular tubular cluster (VTC), and the fusion of VTCs to form cis-Golgi compartment.

Catalog Number: 200062-960

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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Description: SOD (Superoxide dismutase) is responsible for the elimination of cytotoxic active oxygen by catalyzing the dismutation of the superoxide radical to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. There are three SOD isoenzymes in mammalian cells, they are: EC SOD (extracellular SOD), Cu/Zn SOD (copper and zinc-containing SOD) and Mn SOD (manganese-containing SOD).

Catalog Number: 200062-466

Supplier: Enzo Life Sciences

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